The Final Expedition of the Prophet (PBUH & His Family)
The Battle of Tabuk occurred in the month of Rajab, 9 AH. When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) learned that the Romans were mobilizing an army of Levantine tribes to attack the Muslims, he immediately commanded the preparation of a defensive force.
Given the great distance, the intense heat, and the size of the enemy’s army, the Prophet disclosed the destination of the expedition to his followers — a rare measure, intended to ensure readiness and resilience.
Because of the severe conditions and the scarcity of resources, the Prophet’s army was known as “Jaysh al-‘Usrah” (The Army of Hardship). This campaign marked the last battle personally led by the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family).
Why Did Imam Ali (PBUH) Remain in Madinah?
When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) set out with thirty thousand soldiers and ten thousand horses toward Tabuk, he instructed Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to stay behind in Madinah. He said:
“Either you remain in Madinah or I must remain — for this city will not stand except by one of us.”
This was the only expedition in which Imam Ali (peace be upon him) did not accompany the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family). His remaining in Madinah was a matter of strategic and divine wisdom, particularly after the Prophet had uncovered the schemes of the hypocrites. Imam Ali’s presence was essential to protect the city and prevent internal strife during the Prophet’s absence.
The Prophet’s Declaration Silences the Hypocrites
The hypocrites began to spread malicious rumors, claiming that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) had left Imam Ali (peace be upon him) behind out of dissatisfaction.
When Imam Ali (peace be upon him) heard these slanders, he armed himself and set out to catch up with the Prophet, informing him of what had been said.
The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) replied:
“They lie! I have left you in Madinah to take my place during my absence. Are you not content that your position to me is as that of Harun to Musa — except that there will be no prophet after me?”
Upon hearing this, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) said:
“I am content, O Messenger of Allah.”
He then returned to Madinah, while the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) continued his march toward Tabuk.
A Testament of Leadership and Divine Succession
In another narration reported by Shaikh al-Mufīd, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said to Imam Ali (peace be upon him):
“My brother, return to your place, for Madinah will not be set right except by me or by you. You are my successor among my family. Are you not pleased that you are to me as Harun was to Musa — except that there shall be no prophet after me?”
This moment, known in Islamic tradition as Hadith al-Manzilah (The Saying of Rank), serves as a clear affirmation of Imam Ali’s unique position as the Prophet’s spiritual brother, confidant, and rightful successor.
Just as Harun safeguarded the mission of Musa (peace be upon him) during his absence, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was entrusted with the guardianship of Madinah — a role that symbolized his enduring authority and divine appointment in the Islamic message.